Co-Dominance (Deyante)

With incomplete dominance we get a blending of the dominant & recessive traits so that the third phenotype is something in the middle (red x white = pink). In Co-dominance, the "recessive" & "dominant" traits appear together in the phenotype of hybrid organisms. I learned that humans can be co-dominant, like having one green eye and on blue eye (as showed in the image) and that was pretty cool and surprising. I liked this objective because it was interesting to me. This is applied outside of biology, like when completely different people have kids and make a hybrid baby. ~Deyante

ATP- Sam Studer

*ATP = Energy*

What it is used for:
ATP is used in cells to generate energy to help them make food and allow the organelles to run their activities for the cell to survive. Ex: The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. This organelle allows everything to run. The mitochondria has folds on it to help it generate more ATP for the other organelles to use.

ATP Broken Down:

Adenosine
Tri
Phosphate

The second letter in the word determines how many phosphates there are. So in ATP, the second word is tri; that means there is 3 phosphates in it and the amount of phosphates = the energy level.

Reflection: 

While looking at the information on ATP, there really isn't that much you need to remember which is a good thing. Somethings that you need to know are that there are there different types of energy (ATP, ADP, AMP) and occurs in the mitochondria. On this topic, I already knew that that the middle letter in ATP, ADP, AMP tells you the number of phosphates in it and what each one stands for. Thats why I like this topic because there really isn't that much to remember on this which. This can be used outside of biology like if you wanted to be a nutritionist. Nutritionist need to know whether or not their patient is getting enough ATP in their foods in order for their bodies to work right.

Acid Rain Marco Lagos

• Acid Rain is rainfall that is made acidic because of the pollution in the atmosphere. It causes environmental harm to forests and lakes. 

• The main cause of Acid Rain is the industrial burning of coal and the burning of fossil fuels. The waste gases which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides that combine with atmospheric water to produce acid.

• This precipitation of acid can include rain, snow, hail, or even dust that is acidic.

• Acid rain effects almost everything in an environment of which that rain falls on. The acid can harm the animals in rivers or lake. In forest or places of forestation, the rain can harm the plants and trees. The rain has many effects, and can lead to many other things being damaged. 

• In this blog post I clarified for myself the topic about acid rain. I understand it a lot more. 

https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain

https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain  

Translation

Translation
RNA ---> tRNA (transfer) 

Main Idea is that RNA is turned into tRNA

There are only 20 different amino acids used to make the many different proteins.

The order and number of amino acids determine the type of protein

Review: https://quizlet.com/212112394/transcription-and-translation-review-for-eoc-bio-flash-cards/?new

Reflection: I learned that translation comes after transcription. RNA turns into tRNA and becomes the transfer.

Passive v.s Active Immunity

Passive Immunity vs Active Immunity

• Active Immunity occurs when someone has been exposed to a live pathogen, which the develops an immune response.

• On the other hand, passive immunity is the transfer of active immunity, in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another.

• There are two ways to get Active Immunity. You can either:

1. Catch the disease a 1st time

2. Get it through vaccination (dead/weak pathogen)

• There are also two ways to get Passive Immunity. You can:

1. Get it from your mother in pregnancy or breastfeeding.

2. Get it through injections

Reflection

I learned what passive and active immunity meant. At first at I thought that passive and active immunity and active and passive transport were a little bit similar. Turns out that I was way off. Active/Passive transport is all about energy . On the other Active/Passive immunity is all about diseases and pathogens.

Symbiotic Relationship: Parasitism Emilio

The Parasitism relationship is a relationship where usually one of the organisms is hurt while the other is not. An example would be like in the picture where the deer is having its blood sucked by a tick , The tick sucks the blood while it is on the deer and the deer is not winning anything in the process instead it is being hurt.

Reflection: My reflection would be that with the relationship the host is harmed while the parasite is gaining what it needs from the host like blood. The host is the only one that loses in the situation while the parasite wins.

Sex Chromosomes

Sex Chromosomes: 
 Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes involved in determining the sex of an organism (male or female).
It occurs in pairs, in somatic cells and singly in sex cells (gametes)
- A somatic cell contains a genome comprised of paired chromosomes- the autosomes and sex chromosomes. In humans there are 2 forms of chromosomes; X chromosomes and Y chromosome.
- A pair of X and Y  chromosomes result in a male while X and X result in a female. This system is applicable in both animals and humans.

- The sex of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes since these chromosomes hold the genes that control the development of the reproductive organs and other sexual characteristics of an organism.

Addition Mutation

Addition Mutation

                      http://islaslab.wikispaces.com/MutatioshowComments=1

What is it?

One or more nucleotide is 

inserted into a DNA sequence.

also referred to as frameshift mutation. adding in a nitrogen base

Mutation is any change in the DNA Sequence.

How do we get these mutations 

-Spontaneous

http://images.slideplayer.com/24/6927325/slides/slide_5.jpg

3 Type of DNA Mutations

-Substitution

-Addition

-Deletion

Symbiotic Relationship Mutualism

Symbiotic Relationship Mutualism
What is it?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis

Two different organisms benefit from one another by working together. Example sea anemone and the clownfish and there are three different types of symbiotic relationships called mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

https://sites.google.com/a/westcta.ccsd.net/everglades-national-park-1/symbiotic-relationships

Homeostasis- Alexis Rodrigues

Homeostasis 

• Homeostasis is the regulation of conditions in the body such as temperature, water content and carbon dioxide levels. Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot regulate its blood glucose levels. 

• The concept of homeostasis is widely used, in physiology and psychology, to identify what seems to be a general attribute of living organisms: the tendency to maintain and restore certain steady states or conditions of the organism.

•  Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.

• Homeostasis has found useful applications in the social sciences. It refers to how a person under conflicting stresses and motivations can maintain a stable psychological condition

Reflection

I learned how homeostasis is very important. It allows you to know the condition in the body. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-homeostasis/

Mutation Deletion

In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) is a mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome. I learned that deletion can cause serious genetic diseases and it is not just an A,C,G or T being deleted on a  piece of paper. This objective was boring, but informing so I appreciate it. I can use this outside of biology a lot. Now if I hear it, I will know what they’re talking about.  ~Deyante

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis is the creation of proteins from amino acids inside a cell. There are many steps to protein synthesis, which begins in the nucleus and ultimately finishes in the ribosomes.


http://www.s-cool.co.uk/assets/learn_its/alevel/biology/dna-and-the-genetic-code/dna-and-protein-synthesis/a-bio-DNA_protein-dia0o.gif

Above is a diagram showing the process of Protein Synthesis. But I'll go more into detail on the process.

First the DNA, inside the nucleus, produces an identical copy of itself in a process called replication. This copy is created specifically for mRNA to read. The mRNA reads the bases of the DNA and codes them into RNA in a process called transcription. It gives these RNA codons to tRNA, which exits the nucleus and takes them to the ribosomes to become proteins. Once it reaches the ribosomes, rRNA appears and reads these codons, turning them into the amino acids that they code for. These amino acids join together to build specific kinds of proteins that the cell needs.

I did not know anything about Protein synthesis before this class. I didn't even know it existed or that cells did it. This class has taught me a lot about protein synthesis.

Dominant Traits

Dominant trait a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it. In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only form of the trait will appear in the next generation. All heterozygous & express only the dominant trait.  Mendel called the observed trait dominant and the one that disappeared recessive. Dominant alleles are symbolized with a capital letter. 

Dominant traits were very simple for me to learn. It was harder for other people. I just had to think that dominant is top and it was easier to understand punnet squares and other ways of figuring out what is dominant and what is not. Once you learn dominant traits and understand them you will be able to understand everything else more clearly. 

Aerobic Energy Production

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration requires energy and uses mostly energy, which is also called ATP. Without aerobic respiration, we would be able unable to breath. Aerobic respiration is produced by photosynthesis and is a reactant of cellular respiration. 

Formula for Aerobic Respiration

The formula for Aerobic Respiration is written as glucose (sugar) plus oxygen equals water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy).

Reflection

I learned and realized how important aerobic respiration. Every time we breath, we use aerobic respiration. Our respiration is in our Mitochondria. I already knew that aerobic respiration required energy.